– Liz Dunshee
Executive compensation continues to get more political. Broc blogged a while ago about a Bernie Sanders campaign initiative to tax large companies (public or private) that have a pay ratio of 50x or more – and some other “radical ideas.” Last week, Senator Sanders introduced a bill that looks a lot like that campaign initiative – it would raise corporate taxes by 0.5-5% on high-revenue public & private companies that have a pay ratio of 50 to 500+. Rep. Barbara Lee (D) introduced companion legislation in the House.
One interesting nuance – highlighted in this FAQ – is that the ratio would be based on the pay of the highest-paid employee, not necessarily the CEO. So in the unlikely event that this ever became law, a second pay ratio calculation would be necessary for companies that pay their CEO a nominal amount – and they’d still be on the hook for the tax.
– Liz Dunshee
We’ve been blogging quite a bit on TheCorporateCounsel.net about the Business Roundtable’s recent statement on corporate purpose – and the ensuing “stakeholder v. shareholder” debate. This “Directors & Boards” article from Semler Brossy suggests systematic ways for compensation committees to incorporate stakeholder values into executive pay decisions.
Of course, there are caveats! One being, the last thing shareholders want right now is murkier pay disclosure. But the article offers a few potentially tolerable ways to reflect “stakeholder goals” in annual incentives (for even more ideas, see this blog, also from Semler Brossy’s Seymour Burchman – and mark your calendars for our February 12th webcast – “Tying ‘ESG’ to Executive Pay“):
Individual goals:
• HR—establish new hiring protocols; training in using hiring protocols, customer service and sales training, training managers in coaching skills
• IT—develop customer analytic tools, develop inventory management tools
Store/region goals:
• Net promoter score/customer satisfaction score exceeding peers
• Average Sales dollars per full-time equivalent employee versus historical
• Gross margin exceeding peers
• Comparable trade area sales-growth (agnostic as to channel where purchase occurs)
• Employee turnover rate within 180 days of hire
Corporate goals:
• Total sales growth exceeding peers
• Profit growth exceeding peers
• ROI exceeding peers
• Corporate-wide net promoter score and customer satisfaction score exceeding peers
• Employee engagement scores exceeding historical
– Broc Romanek
Recently, a member asked this in our “Q&A Forum” (#1268):
Does the adoption by the board of a severance plan that is applicable to all employees, including all NEOs, trigger an 8-K filing requirement?
John gave this answer:
Yes, unless the plan meets the requirements of Instruction 3 to Item 5.02. That instruction requires not only that compensation under the plan be available generally to all salaried employees, but also requires the plan not to “discriminate in scope, terms or operation, in favor of executive officers or directors of the registrant.”
The Corp Fin Staff has construed this requirement narrowly, and it wouldn’t cover a plan in which executives were eligible for more extensive severance arrangements than other plan participants. As noted in the discussion on page 206 of the 8-K Chapter of the Treatise on this site, our view is that Instruction 3 principally contemplates broad-based health plans and other types of welfare benefits where the benefits are going to be the same across the spectrum of all salaried employees.
– Broc Romanek
Here’s the highlights from FW Cook’s annual report on incentive plans:
– Profitability and revenue measures are the most commonly used financial measures among the Top 250 companies, and are also the most heavily weighted financial measures when used.
– Non-financial measures (i.e., strategic and individual performance measures) are used as discrete metrics and/or modifiers by 70% of companies with formulaic plans, but are not as heavily weighted as financial performance measures.
– Approximately one-quarter of companies with formulaic plans disclose using at least one ESG goal as part of their strategic performance measures, either as a pre-defined objective or as a consideration in arriving at the strategic performance score (excludes companies that use ESG goals as an individual performance consideration).
– Few companies using profitability and/or revenue measures disclosed setting their target goals below prior year actual performance. These companies risk criticism from proxy advisory firms and institutional investors, particularly when above-target bonuses are earned for performance that has declined year-over-year, presenting challenges for companies in cyclical industries and companies in turnaround situations.
– Companies using profit metrics utilize a wider performance range than companies using revenue metrics because revenue is typically less challenging to forecast than profitability, and therefore the range of likely outcomes is narrower. At the median, the threshold to maximum performance range is 8% below target to 9% above target for profit metrics and 5% below target to 4% above target for revenue metrics.
– Operationally, 2018 was a strong year for Top 250 companies, contributing to median CEO payouts of 128% of target.
– Broc Romanek
Yesterday, ISS announced its new policy updates for next year. The policy updates for the US that impact executive pay relate to its pay-for-performance model by incorporating the use of ‘Economic Value Added’ (EVA) metrics in the model’s secondary ‘Financial Performance Assessment’ (FPA) screen.
The European policy updates deal with pay in this way: as many EU member states are implementing the EU Shareholder Rights Directive II that prescribes a shareholder vote on remuneration policies and reports, policy updates are being introduced that consider the responsiveness of companies to significant shareholder dissent on pay-related votes, and how remuneration committees use and explain their use of discretion in managing executive pay, including how relevant environmental, social, and governance (ESG) matters have been taken into account when determining executive remuneration outcomes.
– Broc Romanek
Here’s a paper from the ‘Institute for Policy Studies’ that has all sorts of radical ideas, from imposing a corporate tax penalty on those companies whose pay ratios are extreme (think Bernie Sander’s recent campaign idea) to abolishing pay-for-performance. Don’t forget to check out the charts at the end…also see this Intelligize blog…
– Broc Romanek
Here’s an interesting piece from ExeQuity about Monte Carlo simulations & relative TSR. Here’s a summary:
Monte Carlo simulations are often only marginally understood by decision makers—and trying to comprehend them makes some want to scream. But while Monte Carlo simulations are complicated, the way we explain them does not have to be. This Client Briefing offers a plain-English guide to Monte Carlo simulations, which are used to value market-based performance awards (e.g., relative TSR). The goal is to help companies understand the implications of design choices on valuation outcomes in a conversational manner.
– Liz Dunshee
Shareholders are increasingly sending a Section 220 “books & records” demand as a first step in derivative complaints – and companies need to tread carefully when responding. A recent opinion from the Delaware Court of Chancery lays out some good techniques.
In Pennsylvania Transportation Authority v. Facebook, the court denied two books & records demands where the shareholders were seeking to investigate whether Facebook’s board breached its fiduciary duties by overcompensating executives. The shareholders also said they wanted the info to inform themselves about a say-on-pay vote, communicate with directors & other shareholders about pay issues and assess director independence, which didn’t fly with the court.
This Wilson Sonsini memo explains:
Vice Chancellor Slights explained that because duty of care claims were barred by Facebook’s customary exculpatory charter provision, the plaintiffs had to demonstrate a credible basis to infer a potential breach of the board’s duty of loyalty. The plaintiffs did not claim the directors were conflicted or lacked independence, and therefore they had to argue bad faith: that Facebook’s executive compensation decisions were so “inexplicable… that bad faith—a motive other than the interest of the Company—must be at work.”
The shareholders didn’t meet that standard – in part because the directors had reviewed peer data & received “expert guidance” from a compensation consultant. The memo continues:
The court also found that, even if the plaintiffs had stated a proper purpose to investigate mismanagement, Facebook had already produced all “necessary and essential” records to fulfill that purpose. Before the lawsuit, Facebook had voluntarily produced certain board materials (minutes and presentations) relevant to the advertising metric errors, which showed that Facebook’s audit committee had discussed those errors and taken measures to address them. But Facebook otherwise stipulated that the directors did not consider the advertising metric errors when setting executive compensation. Vice Chancellor Slights concluded that the plaintiffs therefore had “the information they need[ed]” to decide whether to bring a duty of loyalty claim.
Finally, the court found that none of the plaintiffs’ secondary purposes for the demands was proper. The court rejected the stated purpose of contacting directors and stockholders about compensation decisions, explaining that “a conclusory statement that plaintiffs wish to discuss compensation issues with the board and/or stockholders is not a key to unlock more information than the company has already provided.”
The purpose of deciding how to vote on “Say on Pay” was also improper because the 2019 vote had passed and it was unclear what issues would be relevant for future votes. On the plaintiffs’ request for director independence questionnaires to assess board independence, the court explained, “[b]ecause there is no credible basis to suspect wrongdoing, Plaintiffs are not entitled to determine whether the Board is independent for purposes of considering a demand to bring claims related to such wrongdoing.”
– Liz Dunshee
Director pay has been getting more scrutiny lately – but this Skadden memo covers one procedural bright spot for companies. Here’s the intro:
On October 30, 2019, the Delaware Court of Chancery struck a major blow against the plaintiffs’ bar’s efforts to lower the statutory hurdle to maintaining stockholder derivative claims. A stockholder of Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc. claimed that the company’s board of directors had awarded its non-employee directors excessive pay.
Under applicable Delaware law, a stockholder asserting such a claim has two mutually exclusive options: make a pre-suit demand on the board or plead with particularity the reason it would have been futile to do so. A stockholder who makes a pre-suit demand may not later claim demand futility, but instead must make the more difficult claim that the board wrongfully refused the demand, which is essentially a business judgment analysis.
Plaintiffs have been taking a dual-track approach – by sending pre-suit letters to boards that meet the requirements of a demand and “suggest” that the board take remedial action – while at the same time expressly stating that the letter isn’t a demand, so they can preserve the “futility” pleading.
The Chancery Court sees through these shenanigans! They permitted the Ultragenyx board to treat a letter as a demand and deferred to the board’s decision not to pursue the allegations.
– Liz Dunshee
Here’s the big news that our colleague John Jenkins wrote about today on TheCorporateCounsel.net: Yesterday, the SEC issued two controversial rule proposals that, if adopted, would significantly modify the proxy disclosure & solicitation process. There’s a lot to cover, so I’m going to do these one at a time. First, the SEC announced a rule proposal that would impose disclosure & other obligations on proxy advisors. The proposed rules would:
– Amend Exchange Act Rule 14a-1(l), which defines the terms “solicit” and “solicitation,” to specify the circumstances when a person who furnishes proxy voting advice will be deemed to be engaged in a solicitation subject to the proxy rules.
– Revise Rule 14a-2(b) to condition certain exemptions relied upon by proxy advisors on their compliance with three new requirements. In order to avoid complying with the full range of rules applicable to proxy solicitations, proxy advisors would have to disclose material conflicts of interest in their proxy voting advice, provide the company with an opportunity to review and comment on their advice before it is issued; and, if requested by the company, include in their voting advice a hyperlink directing the recipient of the advice to a written statement that sets forth the company’s position on the advice.
– Modify Rule 14a-9 to include examples of when failing to disclose certain information in the proxy voting advice could be considered misleading within the meaning of the rule.
The SEC was sharply divided on this proposal & its companion – both of which were approved by a 3-2 vote. Commissioner Jackson issued a statement on his decision to dissent from the proposal, which he characterized as limiting the ability of investors to “hold corporate insiders accountable.” Fellow Democratic Commissioner Allison Herren Lee issued a statement in which she said that both proposals would “suppress the exercise of shareholder rights.” In particular, she expressed concern that it would cause a 5-day delay for voting recommendations – if true, that would mean a lot of institutional investors wouldn’t vote until right before the meeting and companies would have very little time to react or follow up to request changes.
In contrast, Republican Commissioner Eliad Roisman issued his own statement in support of the proposal, which he said would help fiduciaries “receive more accurate, transparent, and complete information when they make their voting decisions.”
When Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his legions in 49 BC, he knew that he was taking a fateful step and reportedly exclaimed “Alea iacta est!” – “The die is cast!” Maybe I’m being a little dramatic, but it sure feels like there’s an element of that sentiment in the SEC’s action. While Commissioner Clayton issued a statement in which he stressed that the proposal is just that – a proposal – it seems inevitable that the regulatory ground is about to shift in a significant way.
But Wait! There’s More! SEC Proposes to Tighten Shareholder Proposal Thresholds
Because one highly controversial proposal wasn’t enough, the SEC also announced a rule proposal yesterday that would make it more difficult for shareholders to submit & resubmit proposals for inclusion in a company’s proxy statement. The rule proposal would, among other things:
– Amend Rule 14a-8(b) to replace the current $2,000/1% ownership for at least 1 year threshold with 3 alternative thresholds for submission: continuous ownership of at least $2,000 of the company’s securities for at least 3 years; at least $15,000 of the company’s securities for at least 2 years; or at least $25,000 of the company’s securities for at least 1 year.
– Amend Rule 14a-8(c) to apply the one-proposal rule to “each person” rather than “each shareholder,” which would effectively prohibit a shareholder-proponent from submitting one proposal in their own name and simultaneously submit another proposal in a representative capacity. Representatives would also be prohibited from submitting multiple proposals, even if the representative were to submit each proposal on behalf of different shareholders.
– Amend Rule 14a-8(i) to increase the current thresholds of 3%, 6% and 10% for resubmission of matters voted on once, twice or three or more times in the last five years to 5%, 15% and 25%, respectively. A new provision would also be added permitting exclusion of a proposal that’s received 25% approval on its most recent submission if it has been voted on 3 times in the last 5 years and both received less than 50% of the votes cast and experienced at least a 10% decline in support.
Other proposed changes to Rule 14a-8(b) would subject shareholders using representatives to enhanced documentation requirements with respect to the authority of those agents, and require shareholder-proponents to express a willingness to meet with the company and provide contact & availability information.
I’ve already noted the reaction of individual SEC commissioners to these two proposals, but outside commenters had plenty to say as well. For instance, the CII decried the proposals as apparently “intended to limit shareholders’ voice at public companies in which they invest,” while the U.S. Chamber of Commerce hailed them for ensuring that “investors will have access to transparent and unconflicted proxy advice as well as improv[ing] the proxy submission process.”